Autologous stem cell serum involves a pre-activation process that moves stem cells from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood. The blood collected from the peripheral vessels is passed through a blood component separation device called Spectra Optia, allowing for real-time continuous collection of blood stem cells. The remaining blood components are returned to other peripheral vessels, enabling large-volume collection of blood stem cells without blood loss, which are then activated and re-infused as a serum. Plasma exchange is a procedure that removes pathological components from the blood by extracting plasma and replacing it with albumin.